Croatia’s history is a tapestry of fascinating stories and remarkable landmarks, from the ancient Illyrians to modern EU integration.
For travelers and history enthusiasts alike, this beautiful country offers a unique opportunity to explore its rich past while enjoying its vibrant present.
Whether wandering through the ancient ruins of Diocletian’s Palace, marveling at the natural beauty of Plitvice Lakes, or standing in awe of Dubrovnik’s medieval walls, Croatia invites you to step back in time and experience its captivating history firsthand.
We will take you on a captivating tour of Croatia’s rich history. From ancient civilizations to modern marvels, you’ll discover the key events that have shaped this stunning country and uncover the must-visit historical and cultural landmarks every traveler should add to their itinerary.
Discover the hidden gems and iconic sites that make Croatia a must-visit destination for anyone seeking a blend of history, culture, and breathtaking landscapes.
What's Inside
A Short Timeline of Croatian History
This timeline below highlights the pivotal moments in Croatia’s rich history, providing a foundation for understanding the events and influences that shaped the country.
Ancient History in Croatia
- 6th Century BC: The Illyrians, one of the region’s earliest known inhabitants, build settlements along the Adriatic coast.
- 9 AD: The Romans conquer the Illyrians and establish the province of Dalmatia.
Middle Ages in Croatia
- 7th Century: Croat tribes migrate to the region and establish the Duchy of Croatia.
- 925: Tomislav becomes the first king of Croatia, unifying various Croat tribes and regions into the Kingdom of Croatia.
Early Modern Period in Croatia
- 1102: The Kingdom of Croatia enters into a personal union with Hungary under the Pacta Conventa.
- 1527: After the Battle of Mohács and the Ottoman threat, the Croatian Parliament elects Ferdinand I of the Habsburg dynasty as the king, aligning Croatia with the Habsburg Monarchy.
19th and Early 20th Century in Croatia
- 1848: The Croatian national revival, a period of cultural and political reawakening, begins.
- 1918: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) is formed after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Late 20th Century in Croatia
- 1941: During World War II, the Axis powers occupied Yugoslavia, and the Independent State of Croatia was established under fascist rule.
- 1945: Croatia becomes a federal state within socialist Yugoslavia after World War II.
- 1991: Croatia declares independence from Yugoslavia, leading to the Croatian War of Independence.
21st Century in Croatia
- 2013: Croatia joins the European Union, marking a significant milestone in its modern history.
Ancient Beginnings in Croatian History
The Illyrian Tribes in Croatia
Long before Croatia as we know it existed, the region was inhabited by the Illyrians. These ancient tribes settled along the Adriatic coast around 1000 BC. They were skilled sailors and traders known for their craftsmanship and warrior culture.
Visiting their archaeological sites, such as the hillforts of Nesactium near Pula (location), offers a glimpse into their way of life. Exploring these ruins, you can imagine the bustling communities that once thrived here.
Arrival of the Greeks in Croatia
In the 4th century BC, Greek settlers arrived on the Adriatic shores, establishing colonies like Issa (now known as Vis) and Pharos (modern-day Hvar). They brought with them advanced agricultural techniques, architecture, and trade networks.
The picturesque island of Hvar is a perfect destination to see remnants of their influence. Wander through Stari Grad Plains, a UNESCO World Heritage site, and witness the ancient Greek layout of agricultural fields still in use today.
Roman Conquest of Croatian Territory
In 228 BC, the Romans conquered Illyrian territories along the Adriatic coast, marking the beginning of centuries-long rule by the Roman Empire.
The influence of Roman culture can still be seen throughout Croatia, with well-preserved sites such as Diocletian’s Palace in Split (location), Ruins of Salona (location), and Pula Arena.
Roman Influence in Croatia
By the 1st century BC, the Romans had conquered the region. They left an indelible mark on Croatia with enduring architectural marvels such as the impressive Pula Arena (location), one of the world’s best-preserved Roman amphitheaters.
Constructed in the 1st century AD, this colossal structure once hosted gladiatorial contests and now stands as a testament to Roman engineering prowess. Pula’s Arena remains a major attraction, drawing history enthusiasts and travelers alike.
Medieval Times in Croatia
The Rise of the Croatian Kingdom
The early medieval period witnessed the emergence of the Croatian Kingdom around the 9th century. The coronation site of the first Croatian king, Tomislav, is located in Duvanjsko polje near Tomislavgrad in what is today Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Dubrovnik Republic
In the 14th century, Dubrovnik declared itself a republic and thrived as a maritime powerhouse. The city’s stunning walls and fortifications, dating back to the 13th century, still protect its charming old town.
Walking along Dubrovnik’s city walls offers breathtaking views of the Adriatic and a sense of the city’s historical significance as a center of trade and diplomacy. Don’t miss the iconic Stradun, the main street with historic buildings.
The Ottoman Threat in Croatia
The 15th and 16th centuries brought the Ottoman Empire to Croatia’s doorstep. The fortress of Klis, perched high above Split, played a pivotal role in defending against Ottoman invasions. This imposing stronghold, dating back to the 3rd century BC, offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscape and a tangible connection to Croatia’s turbulent past. Exploring Klis Fortress, you can feel the tension and resilience that defined this era.
Renaissance and Baroque in Croatia
The Venetian Influence in Coastal Croatia
During the Renaissance, many coastal cities fell under Venetian rule. The UNESCO-listed town of Trogir is a prime example of Venetian architecture and charm. Stroll through narrow streets adorned with Renaissance and Baroque buildings, and visit the Cathedral of St. Lawrence, with its magnificent portal carved by the master Radovan in the 13th century. Trogir’s blend of history and beauty makes it a must-visit destination.
The Baroque Towns of Croatia
Zagreb, Croatia’s capital, experienced significant baroque development in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Upper Town exudes a timeless charm with its cobblestone streets and historic buildings. The Zagreb Cathedral, rebuilt in the 13th century after an earthquake, symbolizes resilience and architectural grandeur. Exploring Zagreb’s Upper Town, you’ll discover a city that seamlessly blends the old and the new.
Other Croatian Baroque towns are Varazdin, Osijek and Slavonski Brod.
Modern Times in Croatian History
Croatian Independence and War
Croatia’s path to independence was marked by the Homeland War in the early 1990s. The city of Vukovar stands as a poignant reminder of this turbulent period. The Vukovar Memorial, located along the banks of the Danube River, honors those who sacrificed their lives for freedom. A visit to Vukovar offers a profoundly moving experience, highlighting the resilience and determination of the Croatian people.
Croatia Joining the European Union
Croatia became a member of the European Union in 2013, marking a significant milestone in its modern history. The EU integration brought economic growth and further cemented Croatia’s place on the global stage.
The coastal city of Zadar, with its mix of ancient and modern attractions, embodies the spirit of a thriving EU member. Don’t miss the Sea Organ, an innovative architectural marvel that produces music from the waves.
Unesco’s World Heritage Sites in Croatia
Croatia’s rich cultural heritage is reflected in its nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These include the historic city of Dubrovnik, known for its medieval walls and stunning coastline.
Plitvice Lakes National Park, with cascading waterfalls and crystal-clear lakes, is a nature lover’s paradise. The Diocletian’s Palace in Split, a well-preserved Roman palace complex, offers a glimpse into ancient history.
Top Historical and Natural Sites in Croatia (Unesco’s World Heritage Sites)
There are 9 Unesco’s World Heritage Sites in Croatia.
- Diocletian’s Palace in Split is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most impressive Roman ruins. Built in the 4th century AD as a retirement residence for the Roman Emperor Diocletian, it houses shops, cafes, and homes today, offering a unique blend of history and modern amenities.
- Plitvice Lakes National Park, renowned for its cascading lakes and lush landscapes, has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1949.
- St. Jacob Church in Sibenik is another stunning example of Croatia’s architectural heritage and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Built in the 15th century, this church boasts intricate details and a unique blend of Gothic and Renaissance styles.
- Dubrovnik Old Town is a well-preserved medieval city with cobblestone streets, historic buildings, and stunning views of the Adriatic Sea. It has been featured in popular TV shows and movies like Game of Thrones and Star Wars. It’s also one of nine of Croatia’s Unesco World Heritage Sites.
- The Euphrasian Basilica in Poreč, dating back to the 6th century, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its intricate mosaics, beautiful frescoes, and unique blend of Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic styles.
- St. Nicolas Fort is a 16th-century fortress on a small island before Sibenik’s harbor. It offers stunning sea views and hosts summer cultural events.
- The Stari Grad Plains on the Hvar Island, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is one of Europe’s oldest continuously cultivated agricultural landscapes.
- Old Town Trogir, a small town near Split, is designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site and boasts well-preserved Venetian architecture from the 13th to the 15th century. Trogir is another must-see spot in Croatia for history enthusiasts.
- Historical Tombstones, known as stećci, are medieval tombstones with intricate carvings that provide insight into Croatian culture and religion. Dalmatia, a famous Croatian coastal region, is home to an impressive collection of these medieval tombstones.
Other Historical and Cultural monuments in Croatia worth visiting
Whether you’re spending a few days in Croatia or considering a life in Croatia, here are some historic and cultural monuments worth exploring.
Amphitheater in Pula, Croatia
No visit to Croatia is complete without seeing the ancient Roman amphitheater in Pula. Dating back to the 1st century AD, this well-preserved structure is one of the largest and most impressive Roman arenas.
It was used for gladiator fights and other forms of entertainment, and today, visitors can explore its underground chambers and stand in the same spot where ancient Romans once cheered on their favorite fighters.
St. Mark’s Church, Zagreb
Situated in Zagreb’s Upper Town, St. Mark’s Church symbolizes the city’s history. Its colorful tiled roof, adorned with the coats of arms of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia, dates back to the 13th century.
The church’s interior is equally impressive, with stunning frescoes and intricate details. Visiting St. Mark’s Church offers a glimpse into Croatia’s architectural and cultural heritage.
Klis Fortress, Split
Located near Split, Klis Fortress is a must-visit for Game of Thrones fans. This ancient fortress was used as one of the filming locations for the popular TV series and offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape.
Originally built by the Illyrians in the 2nd century BC, it has been conquered and rebuilt by various rulers throughout history, making it an important historical site to explore.
Trakoscan Castle, Croatia
Nestled in the picturesque Zagorje region, Trakoscan Castle is a stunning medieval fortress surrounded by a tranquil lake.
It was built in the 13th century and has been renovated several times, providing visitors with a unique blend of architectural styles and historical significance. Today, it is a museum showcasing artifacts and artwork from its rich history.
The Walls of Ston, Croatia
Located on the Peljesac peninsula, the Walls of Ston are a series of defensive stone walls constructed in the 14th and 15th centuries.
These impressive fortifications were built to protect the city of Dubrovnik and its valuable salt pans from invasion. Visitors can walk along the walls and view the stunning coastline and surrounding areas.
The Church of St. Donat in Zadar, Croatia
The Church of St. Donat in Zadar is a remarkable example of Byzantine architecture, dating back to the 9th century. Its unique circular shape and intricate details make it one of the most iconic landmarks in Croatia.
Today, the church serves as a venue for various concerts and cultural events, making it a must-visit for music lovers.
The Roman Ruins of Salona, Croatia
Located just outside of Split, the ancient city of Salona was once the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia.
Today, visitors can explore the impressive ruins of this former bustling metropolis, including a large theater and various temples and baths.